Bioetika

KETENTUAN

Format Paper

1. Paper  ditulis  menggunakan MS Word, font Times New Roman ukuran 11 pt
2. Laporan  ditulis pada  halaman berukuran A4 dan berjarak 1,5 spasi
3. Batas marjin atas, bawah dan kanan 2,5 cm dan marjin kiri 3,0 cm.
4. Artikel dituliskan dengan tepi kanan dan kiri rata (justified),
5. Jorokan awal paragraf (tab) 1,25 cm.
6. Tiap halaman harus diberi nomor halaman yang diletakkan di pojok bawah kanan.
7. Pada halaman sampul, Anda tulis judul laporan, kode kelompok tugas, NAMA dan NIM anggota kelompok

Sistematika Paper

1. Pendahuluan (maksimum satu halaman)

• Deskripsi issue etik yang terkandung dalam paper rujukan

2. Metode (maksimum dua halaman)

• Identifikasi pihak-pihak yang terlibat
• Pembuatan Matriks Etik (Benpham et al.,  2006)

3. Pembahasan (Argumentasi) (maksimum tiga halaman)

4. Kesimpulan (Rekomendasi) (maksimum satu halaman)

5.  Pustaka

• Paper rujukan yang telah ditentukan
• Benpham et al., (2006)
  (Note: Tidak diperlukan pustaka pendukung)

Pengiriman Paper

1. Paper dikirim via email ke bioetikafabio@gmail.com

2. Paper dikirim paling lambat

• tanggal 21 Nopember 2009 Jam 14.00 WIB
  

3. Nama file ditulis sesuai contoh di bawah ini:

• A1.1 (kelas A1 kelompok tugas 1).
• B2.5 (kelas B2, kelompok tugas 5)

KRITERIAN PENILAIAN

1. Pendahuluan (20%)
2. Metode (20%)
3. Pembahasan (20%)
4. Kesimpulan (20%)
5. Format laporan (10%)
6. Ketepatan waktu pengiriman (10%)

KELOMPOK 1

Application of genetically modified and cloned pigs in translational research.

Matsunari H, Nagashima H.

J Reprod Dev. 2009 Jun;55(3):225-30. Review.

PMID: 19571468 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related articles Free article

Pigs are increasingly being recognized as good large-animal models for translational research, linking basic science to clinical applications in order to establish novel therapeutics. This article reviews the current status and future prospects of genetically modified and cloned pigs in translational studies. It also highlights pigs specially designed as disease models, for xenotransplantation or to carry cell marker genes. Finally, use of porcine somatic stem and progenitor cells in preclinical studies of cell transplantation therapy is also discussed.

KELOMPOK 2

Intrauterine environment-genome interaction and children’s development (4): Brain-behavior phenotypying of genetically-engineered mice using a comprehensive behavioral test battery on research of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Takao K, Miyakawa T.

J Toxicol Sci. 2009;34 Suppl 2:SP293-305. Review.

PMID: 19571483 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related articles Free article

Despite massive research efforts, the exact pathogenesis and pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, remain largely unknown. Animal models can serve as essential tools for investigating the etiology and treatment of such disorders. Some mutant mouse strains were found to exhibit behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of human psychiatric disorders. Here we outline our unique approach of extrapolating findings in mice to humans, and present studies on alpha-CaMKII heterozygous knockout (alpha-CaMKII+/-) mice as examples. Alpha-CaMKII+/- mice have profoundly dysregulated behavior and impaired neuronal development in the dentate gyrus (DG). The behavioral abnormalities include a severe working memory deficit and an exaggerated infradian rhythm, which are similar to symptoms seen in schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder and other psychiatric disorders. By conducting a series of experiments, we discovered that almost all the neurons in the mutant DG were very similar to the immature DG neurons of normal rodents. In other words, alpha-CaMKII+/- mice have an “immature DG”. We proposed that an “immature DG” in adulthood might induce alterations in behavior and serve as a promising candidate endophenotype of schizophrenia and other human psychiatric disorders. The impact of a large-scale mouse phenotyping on studies of psychiatric disorders and the potential utility of an “animal-model-array” of psychiatric disorders for the development of suitable therapeutic agents is also discussed.

KELOMPOK 3

How subchronic and chronic health effects can be neglected for GMOs, pesticides or chemicals.

Séralini GE, de Vendômois JS, Cellier D, Sultan C, Buiatti M, Gallagher L, Antoniou M, Dronamraju KR.

Int J Biol Sci. 2009 Jun 17;5(5):438-43. Review.

PMID: 19584953 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related articlesFree article

Chronic health effects are increasing in the world such as cancers, hormonal, reproductive, nervous, or immune diseases, even in young people. During regulatory toxicological subchronic tests to prevent these on mammalian health, prior commercialization of chemicals, including pesticides and drugs, or GMOs, some statistically significant findings may be revealed. This discussion is about the need to investigate the relevant criteria to consider those as biologically significant. The sex differences and the non linear dose or time related effects should be considered in contrast to the claims of a Monsanto-supported expert panel about a GMO, the MON 863 Bt maize, but also for pesticides or drugs, in particular to reveal hormone-dependent diseases and first signs of toxicities.

KELOMPOK 4

Chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and biopharmaceuticals: expression, folding, assembly and functionality.

Chebolu S, Daniell H.

Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;332:33-54. Review.

PMID: 19401820 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related articles Free article

Chloroplast genetic engineering offers several advantages, including high levels of transgene expression, transgene containment via maternal inheritance, and multi-gene expression in a single transformation event. Oral delivery is facilitated by hyperexpression of vaccine antigens against cholera, tetanus, anthrax, plague, or canine parvovirus (4%-31% of total soluble protein, TSP) in transgenic chloroplasts (leaves) or non-green plastids (carrots, tomato) as well as the availability of antibiotic free selectable markers or the ability to excise selectable marker genes. Hyperexpression of several therapeutic proteins, including human serum albumin (11.1% TSP), somatotropin (7% TSP), interferon-alpha (19% TSP), interferon-gamma (6% TSP), and antimicrobial peptide (21.5% TSP), facilitates efficient and economic purification. Also, the presence of chaperones and enzymes in chloroplasts facilitates assembly of complex multisubunit proteins and correct folding of human blood proteins with proper disulfide bonds. Functionality of chloroplast-derived vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins has been demonstrated by several assays, including the macrophage lysis assay, GM1-ganglioside binding assay, protection of HeLA cells or human lung carcinoma cells against encephalomyocarditis virus, systemic immune response, protection against pathogen challenge, and growth or inhibition of cell cultures. Purification of human proinsulin has been achieved using novel purification strategies (inverse temperature transition property) that do not require expensive column chromatography techniques. Thus, transgenic chloroplasts are ideal bio-reactors for production of functional human and animal therapeutic proteins in an environmentally friendly manner.

KELOMPOK 5

Recombinant immunotoxins containing truncated bacterial toxins for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.

Kreitman RJ.

BioDrugs. 2009;23(1):1-13.

doi: 10.2165/00063030-200923010-00001. Review.

PMID: 19344187 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related articles Free article

Immunotoxins are molecules that contain a protein toxin and a ligand that is either an antibody or a growth factor. The ligand binds to a target cell antigen, and the target cell internalizes the immunotoxin, allowing the toxin to migrate to the cytoplasm where it can kill the cell. In the case of recombinant immunotoxins, the ligand and toxin are encoded in DNA that is then expressed in bacteria, and the purified immunotoxin contains the ligand and toxin fused together. Among the most active recombinant immunotoxins clinically tested are those that are targeted to hematologic malignancies. One agent, containing human interleukin-2 and truncated diphtheria toxin (denileukin diftitox), has been approved for use in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and has shown activity in other hematologic malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. Diphtheria toxin has also been targeted by other ligands, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3, to target myelogenous leukemia cells. Single-chain antibodies containing variable heavy and light antibody domains have been fused to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin to target lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias. Recombinant immunotoxins anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2), targeting CD25, and RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22, CAT-3888), targeting CD22, have each been tested in patients. Major responses have been observed after failure of standard chemotherapy. The most successful application of recombinant immunotoxins today is in hairy cell leukemia, where BL22 has induced complete remissions in most patients who were previously treated with optimal chemotherapy.

KELOMPOK 6

Glycan engineering and production of ‘humanized’ glycoprotein in yeast cells.

Chiba Y, Akeboshi H.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2009 May;32(5):786-95. Review.

PMID: 19420743 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Related articles Free article

Protein therapeutics, such as antibodies and cytokines, is the largest class of new drug candidates being developed by pharmaceutical companies. Although most of these glycoproteins are produced in mammalian cells, there is concern that their large-scale production could be affected by an inadequate supply of bovine serum. There is also the risk of viral infection spreading through the use of contaminated protein therapeutics. Consequently, protein expression systems in yeast have been established because protein manufacturing costs are cheaper than in mammalian cells, and yeast systems are virus-free. However, yeasts cannot generate human-type glycans, and thus cannot produce therapeutic glycoproteins for human use. There has therefore been considerable interest in glycan remodeling, from yeast-type to human-type. ‘Humanized’ glycoproteins can now be generated in yeast by disrupting yeast-specific glycosyltransferases and introducing genes responsible for sugar-nucleotide synthesis, its transported from the cytosol to Golgi lumen, as well as their transfer and hydrolysis. A compound that inhibits yeast O-mannosyltransferase suppresses yeast-specific O-mannosyl modification, and can produce mucin-type glycoproteins. These systems are just being developed to the stage where the production in glycoengineered yeast of biopharmaceutical glycoproteins such as cytokines, antibodies for therapeutics, and enzymes for replacement therapy for lysosomal diseases are being evaluated for clinical applications. Yeast glycoprotein expression systems are expected to become the dominant approach for the production of human glycoproteins in the near future.

PAPER

1. Ketepatan Waktu (10%)
2. Struktur dan sistematika paper (20%)
3. ISI PAPER (70%)
3.1 Pendahuluan disertai “thesis statement”/claim
3.2 Statement/clain didukung oleh argumen/referensi
- menyajikan fakta/data
- fakta/data tersusun secara logik
- menghubungkan fakta/data dengan statement/claim
- penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar
- menyajikan kesimpulan
- lainnya
- Saran

PRESENTASI

1. Ketepatan Waktu (10%)
2. Kejelasan Slide (10%)
- huruf terbaca dengan jelas
- informasi dalam satu slide jelas
- lainnya
3. Komunikasi (20%)
- eye contact
- penggunaan bahasa yang baik dan benar
- kemampuan menjawab pertanyaan
- lainnya
4. Isi Presentasi (60%)
- argumen diberikan dengan sistematis dan meyakinkan
- kesimpulan diberikan
- lainnya
5. Saran

By: Darryl R.J. Macer, Ph.D.

Bioethics could be defined as the study of ethical issues and decision making associated with the use of living organisms. I have defined bioethics as love of life (Macer, 1998), and inculcating a balanced love of life and love of learning is one of the goals of using moral games to teach bioethics. Read the rest of this entry »

Darryl R.J. Macer, Ph.D.

Moral dilemmas face everyone of us. There have been numerous books written to explain moral theories and how these can be applied to dilemmas we face in medicine, daily life and a range of professions. Given the rapid development of science and technology, for example, genetic engineering, neuro-engineering, and nanotechnology, and the implications these raise for individuals and society, people need to have the opportunity to shape the direction, purposes and goals of science and technology.

Read the rest of this entry »

Paper clone dibuat setelah mahasiswa menonton film Clone pada hari Senin tanggal 19 Oktober 2009 kelas A dan Jumat 9 Oktober 2009 kelas B. Pengumpulan paling lambat untuk kelas A (A1, A2, A3) Sabtu 24 Oktober 2009 dan untuk kelas B (B1 dan B2) Kamis 15 Oktober 2009. Paper dikumpulkan ke dosen pengampu kelas masing-masing.

Salam,
Hendro Pramono

Berhubung masih banyak mahasiswa yang belum registrasi dan ingin registrasi tetapi pilihan kelas yang tersedia tidak sesuai maka kami memutuskan untuk sementara tidak membatasi jumlah pendaftar yang menginginkan kelas tertentu.

Namu demikian, dalam pelaksanaan perkuliahan, kami terus mengupayakan agar jumlah mahasiswa setiap kelas tidak lebih dari 60 mahasiswa.

Anda punya account FACEBOOK..silakan klik link di bawah ini sesuai pilihan kelas Anda untuk registrasi:

• Mahasiswa Bioetika Kelas A1 (Senin, 10.19 -11.50, Ruang V)
• Mahasiswa Bioetika Kelas A2 (Senin, 11.55-13.35, Ruang V)
• Mahasiwa Bioetika Kelas A3 (Senin, 11.55-13.35, Ruang IV)
• Mahasiswa Bioetika Kelas B1 (Jum’at, 07.30-09.10, Ruang IV)
• Mahasiswa Bioetika Kelas B2 (Jum’at, 09.15-10.45, Ruang IV)
  

Saya mengharapkan semua mahasiswa yang mengambil mata kuliah ini sudah terdaftar sesuai pilihan kelas masing-masing pada tanggal 13 September 24.00 WIB.

Silakan lihat daftar sementara kelompok tugas mahasiswa  di  NOTEs FACEBOOK BIOETIKA

Oleh: Dr. Amru Hydari Nazif (Komisi Bioetika Nasional)

“Cinta kehidupan” ialah definisi bioetika yang paling sederhana dan serba mencakup, dan universal di antara semua orang di dunia. Cinta ialah warisan biologi yang diberikan kepada kita melalui gen kita, kapasitas yang berkembang dalam diri kita untuk memperkenankan kita untuk mengatasi keserakahan diri yang menghancurkan harmoni dalam suatu komunitas. Warisan sosial kita juga memberi kita cinta, saat masyarakat mencoba menggapai harmoni antara peorangan dan komunitas. Cinta ialah pesan warisan rohani kita, lintas setiap budaya yang menyatakan Tuhan itu cinta. Etika ialah konsep cinta, menyeimbangkan manfaat dan risiko pilihan-pilihan dan keputusan-keputusan.

Prinsip-prinsip yang menyeimbangkan, cinta-diri (terkait dengan prinsip atur-diri, otonomi), cinta orang lain (keadilan), mencintai kehidupan (tidak mencederai) dan mencintai yang baik (kebaikan) dapat memberi kita kendaraan untuk menyatakan nilai-nilai kita menurut keinginan kita akan cinta kehidupan. Tetapi, akhirnya, pada kita akan tersisa suatu fakta sederhana mengenai kehidupan, seringkali tidak ada jawab yang nyata-nyata hitam dan putih terhadap dilema kita. Jarang situasi kehidupan nyata dapat dilihat dalam hitam dan putih sederhana. Sebagai suatu masyarakat kita perlu memahami keragaman yang universal, dan mentoleransi dengan cinta apa sedapatnya. Akan datang waktu untuk memberi perlindungan pada orang lain, tetapi kita dapat mengingat semangat cinta yang mengatakan jangan menilai.

Empedocles (yang hidup di Sisilia, abad ke-5 SM) menganggap bahwa di alam ada kekuatan-kekuatan positif yang dinamainya, Cinta dan Kebencian, atau Harmoni dan Ketidakcocokan. Kekuatan-kekuatan inilah yang menyebabkan empat unsur (tanah, udara, api dan air) untuk bercampur dan kemudian terpisah. Cinta menyebabkan unsur-unsur tertarik satu dengan lainnya dan membangun beberapa bentuk khusus atau pribadi. Film The Fifth Element, 1997 mengambil tema ini, dengan unsur kelima dan penting bagi alam raya, yaitu cinta. Empedocles mempertimbangkan bahwa cinta ialah prinsip yang mengatur benda-benda terikat dalam kesatuan.

Sudah ada lebih banyak buku yang ditulis mengenai pokok bahasan cinta dan pokok bahasan lain yang mana saja. Pilihan kutipan mengenai cinta yang disajikan dalam lampiran di bawah ini, memberi petunjuk bahwa cinta pada orang lain sebagai prinsip etika dalam pustaka itu universal dalam cakupannya.